biology

Lab Report GuidelinesCommunication is necessary to disseminate information.  In this regard, beyond talking witheach  other,  scientists  report  on  their  workby  writing articles  on  their  findings  and  publish them  in journals  that  other  scientists  read.The  main  idea  a  scientific  article  is  to  convey scientific findings that usually emerge from a hypothesis driven experiment(s).The structureor format of these scientific articles is nearly universal irrespective of the length of the article.The formatis a convention that guides the author as well as the reader.  At its most basic, theformat guides one through the process telling a story.The  format  for  theLabReport  on  the  activity  of  enzymes  will  resemble  that  of  a  scientificjournal articlewith some modifications.TheLab Reportwill have aTitle, anIntroduction, a Methods and Materials,a Results,a Discussion/Conclusion and an Appendix section Each section istyped in bold and start on a new page.An Abstractsummarizing the articleis notrequiredalthough   theyareubiquitousin   scientific journal articles.ReferencesandAcknowledgments  (for  help  received  and  collaborations)are  not  required,  butmaybeincluded.   Each  section  is unique, different  fromeach  other, buttheyrely  on  each  other  toconveythestory.TheIntroductiondescribes thereason for the article.  Include enoughbackground material togain  the  readersinterest,muchlike  allgood  story  telling does For our purposes ,limit thediscussion ofenzymesto the material presented inclass lectures andinthe textbook.  Thereis  no  need  to  look  for  additional  information  on  enzymes  unless  you  are  so  driven, but  bewarned, theamount of informationis overwhelming.  At the end of the Introduction, list thehypotheses for all parts or experiments in the study.TheMethods and Materialsdescribes all the steps taken to perform the experiments.  Thepurpose  of  this  section  is  to  allow  someone  else  to  replicate  your  work.    Therefore,  allchemicals   or   reagents,   their   concentration,  how   they   were   mixed   together  and   theinstrumentation used must be noted.There is no need to explain how an instrument worksunless it is a newly developed one.  For instance, one can assume that the reader knows howto operate a spectrophotometer.This section is the near equivalent of a cook book to a chef.If there are five experiments, then provide instructions for replicating all five experiments.TheResultssectioncontainsthestudy   dataonly.Presenttheraw   data   andanytransformationof the raw data.Figures and tablesare ideal for presentingthe data becausepictures convey information more easily than words.Label all figures, tables and imageswitha title,a verybriefdescriptionof the data,andanexplanation ofspecificcomponents of theimagethat importantfor  interpreting  the  data.Introduceeachfigureortablein  the  text.Presentinga figure or table withoutanytext is aseriousmistake–you are asking the readerto read your mind and intentions.  Avoid the temptation ofexplaining the data in this section–this comes laterin the Discussion/Conclusion section.However, you may explainthatoneor two points in the data wereomittedin a figure or table due to some mishap during the datacollection-this is perfectly acceptable.Remember, the focus of this section is the data, andonly the data.TheDiscussion/Conclusionsectionis  where  youinterpretyourfindings  and results.First, restate the goals of thestudy.  Second,interpret that databyconsidering whether the datafrom the experiments support your hypothesesstated in the Introduction.Third,synthesizeall the data orobservations in thestudy.  Do the results fit what you know about enzymes andwhat you expected?The data make sense with yourknowledge and expectations.Discusswhether it does or does not.Fourth,discuss how future work may address any weaknessesin the experiments performed,and suggest possible studies that willbuild on the knowledgegained from these studies.Lastly, make a final conclusion about the observations in your laband how they fit the topic.AReferencesection  is  included  if  you  wish  to  cite  any  literature  such as  your  textbook,  thelab or any other source material.It is not required for this assignment.AnAcknowledgementsection isincluded if you wish tothank anyone who provided you someunique reagents,or help in the writing of the text.It is not required for this assignment.There arequestions in the lab manual after each experiment.You must address these withinthe appropriate section of theLab Report.Figure out where the answer to each questionfitsinthe Lab Reportformat discussed abovebefore you start writing.The  Lab  Report  should be  a minimum of 8 typed pages of text(excluding figures,  tables, illustrations,or other images),double-spaced, and 10pt–12 pt font.  The Introduction (min. 1.5page of text),Methods and Materials(min. 4page of text), Results (min.1.5 page of text)and  Discussion/Conclusion(min.  1  page  of  text)For  this  particular assignment,  place  all figures,  tables,  illustrations, and images at the end  of  the  paperand call this  section  the Appendix.The length of the Appendix does not count towards the length of theLab Report.Warning:  Do not plagiarize!  This is a serious offense.  Do not copy-and paste from any source including a classmate’s Lab Report.  Thepenalty is a score of zero points (0 points).

 

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